Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter.
2.1 Montgomery buses: law and prevailing customs. California and Missouri commemorate Rosa Parks Day on her birthday, February 4, while Ohio, Oregon, and Texas commemorate the anniversary of her arrest, December 1. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US.Īfter retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that there was more work to be done in the struggle for justice. From 1965 to 1988, she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers, an African-American US Representative. Shortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act she was fired from her job, and received death threats for years afterwards. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. At the time, Parks was employed as a seamstress at a local department store and was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation, and organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon and Martin Luther King Jr. 
Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became important symbols of the movement. Gayle resulted in a November 1956 decision that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. The case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, and she helped inspire the black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year. Blake's order to vacate a row of four seats in the " colored" section in favor of a white passenger, once the "white" section was filled.
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On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks rejected bus driver James F. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott.
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